hackerheavenly

The S&P 500,^[6] or just the S&P,^[7][8] is an American stock market index based on the market capitalizations of 500 large companies having common stock listed on the NYSE, NASDAQ, or the Cboe BZX Exchange.

The S&P 500 was developed and continues to be maintained by S&P Dow Jones Indices, a joint venture majority-owned by S&P Global. S&P Dow Jones Indices publishes many stock market indices such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P MidCap 400, the S&P SmallCap 600, and the S&P Composite 1500. David M. Blitzer leads the committee that has overall responsibility for index security selection.^[9] The S&P 500 is a capitalization-weighted index,^[5] and is associated with many ticker symbols, such as: ^GSPC,^[10] INX,^[11], SPY^[12] and $SPX, depending on market or website.^[13] The S&P 500 differs from the Dow Jones Industrial Average (although it includes all 30 companies of the DJIA) and the NASDAQ Composite index, because of its diverse constituency and weighting methodology. It is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, and many consider it one of the best representations of the U.S. stock market.^[14]

• 11Market statistics

History[edit]

Standard & Poor's, a company that provides financial information and analysis, was founded in 1860 by Henry Varnum Poor. The 'Composite Index',^[15] as the S&P 500 was first called when it introduced its first stock index in 1923, began tracking a small number of stocks. Three years later in 1926, the Composite Index expanded to 90 stocks and then in 1957 it expanded to its current 500.^[15] In 1941, Poor's Publishing (Henry Varnum Poor's original company) merged with Standard Statistics (founded in 1906 as the Standard Statistics Bureau) and therein assumed the name Standard and Poor's Corporation.^[16] Its primary daily stock market index was the 'S&P 90', a value-weighted index based on 90 stocks. Standard & Poor's also published a weekly index of the stocks of 425 industrial companies.^[17] The S&P 500 index in its present form began on March 4, 1957. Technology has allowed the index to be calculated and disseminated in real time. The S&P 500 is widely used as a measure of the general level of stock prices, as it includes both growth stocks and value stocks.

In September 1962, Ultronic Systems Corp. entered into an agreement with Standard and Poor's. Under the terms of this agreement, Ultronics computed the S&P 500 Stock Composite Index, the 425 Stock Industrial Index, the 50 Stock Utility Index, and the 25 Stock Rail Index. Throughout the market day these statistics were furnished to Standard & Poor's. In addition, Ultronics also computed and reported the 94 S&P sub-indexes.^[18]

Price history[edit]

On August 12, 1982, the index closed at 102.42.^[19] The following describes the ups and downs of the period year 2000 to date.

On March 24, 2000, the index reached an intraday high of 1,552.87, at the peak of the dot-com bubble; a high not to be exceeded for the following seven years. By October 10, 2002, the index had fallen to 768.83, a decline of approximately 50%, during the stock market downturn of 2002^[20] ; before subsequently turning back up.

On May 30, 2007, the S&P 500 closed at 1,530.23, to set its first all-time closing high in more than seven years. Although the index achieved a new all-time intraday high on October 11, 2007, at 1,576.09, following a record close of 1,565.15 on October 9, the index finished 2007 at 1,468.36 points—just below its 1999 annual close. Less than a month later, it dropped to 1,400, and would not see similar levels again for five years.

In mid-2007, the subprime mortgage crisis spread to the wider U.S. financial sector. The resulting situation became acute in September 2008, ushering in a period of unusual market volatility, encompassing record 100-point swings in both directions and reaching the highest levels since 1929.^[21] On November 20, 2008, the index closed at 752.44, its lowest since early 1997.^[22] A modest recovery the following day still left the index down 45.5% for the year. This year-to-date loss was the greatest since 1931, when the broad market declined more than 50%.^[23] The index closed the year at 903.25, for a loss of 38.5%.^[24] The market continued to decline in early 2009, surrounding the financial crisis of 2008. The index reached a nearly 13-year low, closing at 676.53, on March 9, 2009. The entire drop from high in Oct 2007 to low in Mar 2009 was 57.7%, the largest since WWII.

On March 23, 2009, the S&P 500 marked a 20% gain when it hit 822.92.^[25] The Dow Jones Industrial Average soon followed.^[26] The close for 2009 was 1,115.10, making it the second-best year of the decade.^[27] On April 14, 2010 the index broke 1,200 closing at 1,210.65, but by July 2, 2010 it had closed at 1022.58. On April 29, 2011, the index closed at 1,363.61, but it had a sharp drop in August and briefly broke 1,100 in October (with the VIX hitting 40). Gains continued despite significant volatility amid electoral and fiscal uncertainty, and the 2012 close of the S&P 500 following QE3 was its third-highest ever, at 1,426.22 points. On March 28, 2013, it closed above the closing high from 2007.^[28] On April 10, 2013, it also closed above the intraday high from 2007.^[29]

A period of over a year with no new record highs ended on July 11, 2016 (closing at 2,137.16).^[30] In June 2017, the index saw the largest weekly rise since the past presidential election in November 2016.^[31] Rapid growth in the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones as well in late 2017 translated to nasty declines in early 2018. A few months later, the S&P 500 fell borderline between correction territory (closing-basis) and bear market territory (intraday-basis). Nonetheless, the index rallied significantly to exit either of the two, but some argued a new high had to be made before that can happen.^[32]

Selection criteria[edit]

The components of the S&P 500 are selected by a committee. This is similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, but different from others such as the Russell 1000, which are strictly rule-based. When considering the eligibility of a new addition, the committee assesses the company's merit using eight primary criteria: market capitalization, liquidity, domicile, public float, sector classification, financial viability, and length of time publicly traded and stock exchange.^[5] Each of these primary criteria have specific requirements that must be met. For example, in order to be added to the index, a company must satisfy the following liquidity-based size requirements:^[5]

1. Market capitalization must be greater than or equal to $8.2 billion USD
2. Annual dollar value traded to float-adjusted market capitalization is greater than 1.0
3. Minimum monthly trading volume of 250,000 shares in each of the six months leading up to the evaluation date

The committee selects the companies in the S&P 500 so they are representative of the industries in the United States economy. The securities must be publicly listed on either the NYSE (including NYSE Arca or NYSE MKT) or NASDAQ (NASDAQ Global Select Market, NASDAQ Select Market or the NASDAQ Capital Market). Securities that are ineligible for inclusion in the index are limited partnerships, master limited partnerships, OTC bulletin board issues, closed-end funds, ETFs, ETNs, royalty trusts, tracking stocks, preferred stock, unit trusts, equity warrants, convertible bonds, investment trusts, ADRs, ADSs and MLP IT units.^[5]

The index includes non-U.S. companies, both formerly U.S.-incorporated companies that have re-incorporated outside the United States, as well as firms that have never been incorporated in the United States.

Components[edit]

Versions[edit]

The 'S&P 500' generally quoted is a price return index; there are also 'total return' and 'net total return' versions of the index. These versions differ in how dividends are accounted for. The price return version does not account for dividends; it only captures the changes in the prices of the index components. The total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment. Finally, the net total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment after the deduction of withholding tax.^[33][34]

Weighting[edit]

Standard & Poor's now calculates the market capitalization of each company relevant to the index using only the number of shares available for public trading (called the 'float').The index has traditionally been capitalization-weighted; that is, movements in the prices of stocks with higher market capitalizations (the share price times the number of shares outstanding) had a greater impact on the value of the index than do companies with smaller market caps. The transition to float-adjusted capitalization-weighting was made in two steps, the first on March 18, 2005 and the second on September 16, 2005.^[35]

Index maintenance[edit]

In order to keep the S&P 500 Index consistent over time, it is adjusted to capture corporate actions which affect market capitalization, such as additional share issuance, dividends and restructuring events such as mergers or spin-offs. Additionally, to remain indicative of the U.S. stock market, the constituent stocks are changed from time to time.^[5]

To prevent the value of the Index from changing merely as a result of corporate financial actions, all such actions affecting the market value of the Index require a divisor adjustment. Also, when a company is dropped and replaced by another with a different market capitalization, the divisor needs to be adjusted in such a way that the value of the S&P 500 Index remains constant. All divisor adjustments are made after the close of trading and after the calculation of the closing value of the S&P 500 Index. There is a large range of different corporate actions that can require the divisor to be adjusted. These are listed in the table below:^[36]

Calculation[edit]

To calculate the value of the S&P 500 Index, the sum of the adjusted market capitalization of all 500 stocks is divided by a factor, usually referred to as the Divisor.^[36][37] For example, if the total adjusted market cap of the 500 component stocks is US$13 trillion and the Divisor is set at 8.933 billion, then the S&P 500 Index value would be 1,455.28. Although the adjusted market capitalization of the entire index can be accessed from Standard & Poor's website,^[38] the Divisor is considered to be proprietary to the firm. However, the Divisor's value is approximately 8.9 billion.^[39]

Printable excel shortcuts cheat sheet. On the screen that appears, you can select various options such as whether to create a line or bar chart and what date the forecast should end.

The formula to calculate the S&P 500 Index value is:

${\displaystyle \text{Index Level}=\frac{\sum \left(P_i\cdot Q_i\right)}{Divisor}}$

where P is the price of each stock in the index and Q is the number of shares publicly available for each stock.

The divisor is adjusted in the case of stock issuance, spin-offs or similar structural changes, to ensure that such events do not in themselves alter the numerical value of the Index.^[36]

Update frequency[edit]

The index value is updated every 15 seconds during trading sessions and is disseminated by Reuters America, Inc., a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters Corporation.^[40]

Investing[edit]

Many index funds and exchange-traded funds attempt to replicate (before fees and expenses) the performance of the S&P 500 by holding the same stocks as the index, in the same proportions. Many other mutual funds are benchmarked to the S&P 500. Consequently, a company whose stock is added to the list of S&P 500 stocks may see its stock price rise, as index funds must purchase that company's stock in order to continue tracking the S&P 500 index. Mutual fund managers provide index funds that track the S&P 500, the first of which was The Vanguard Group's Vanguard 500 in 1976.^[41]SPY, a unit investment trust, is the oldest and largest ETF as of 2018, while other notable funds include IVV and VOO.^[42]

In addition to investing in a mutual fund indexed to the S&P 500, investors may also purchase shares of an exchange-traded fund (ETF) which represents ownership in a portfolio of the equity securities that comprise the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. These exchange-traded funds track the S&P 500 index and may be used to trade the index.

Investors may also invest in all the stocks of the S&P 500 directly, which is usually called index replication.

In the derivatives market, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) offers futures contracts (ticker symbols /SP for the full-sized contract and /ES for the E-mini contract that is one-fifth the size of /SP) that track the index and trade on the exchange floor in an open outcry auction, or on CME's Globex platform, and are the exchange's most popular product. Additionally, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) offers options on the S&P 500 as well as S&P 500 ETFs, inverse ETFs and leveraged ETFs.

Market statistics[edit]

Milestones[edit]

On October 11, 2007, S&P index set a milestone with its all-time intraday high of 1,576.09.^[43] On March 28, 2013, the S&P finally surpassed its closing high level of 1,565.15, recovering all its losses from the financial crisis.^[43] On March 2, 2015, the S&P finally closed at a new all-time inflation-adjusted closing high, though it has yet to achieve a new all-time inflation-adjusted intraday high, both of which were set back in 2000.^[44][45]

Annual returns[edit]

(total return) The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate, Annualized Return) is the best average rate to summarize investment returns over several years. In contrast with the median return or the mean return, the CAGR is the measurement of the actual return achieved over the number of years being studied.

Tamil movies download free hd quality. Me is also one of the best movie download sites. The site provides all the latest released Bollywood movies in HD quality apart from that you can also find most. Mar 18, 2017 - Save link of this article so that you will always check which are the top sites to download movies if the quality of old free movies downloading. Get now the Best websites to download movies in HD for free, including Putlocker.kz. And Bollywood movies to directly download for free and in good quality. Jun 27, 2017 - You need internet download manager on your computer, then you can use “1movies.se” to stream and watch movie as well as download it via IDM video.

Calculation used for CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate, Annualized Return):

${\displaystyle \text{CAGR}={\left(\frac{\text{ending value}}{\text{starting value}}\right)}^{\frac{1}{numofyears}}-1}$

The current total rate of return (including dividends) CAGR through 2018 is 10.21%. The rate of return (without dividends, or just on the index price itself) through 2018 is 6.98%. New perspective panic at the disco mp3.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'S&P 500 factsheet'(PDF). Standard & Poor's. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
2. ^ ^ab'S&P 500 Overview'. S&P/Dow Jones Indices LLC. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
3. ^'S&P Dow Jones Indices Announces Treatment of Stock Dividend for Discovery Communications in S&P 500'(PDF). Spice-indices.com. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
4. ^'Dow Jones Indices'(PDF). Us.spindices.com. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
5. ^ ^abcdef'S&P U.S. Indices Methodology'(PDF). Standard & Poor's. Archived(PDF) from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
6. ^'S&P 500®'. S&P Dow Jones Indices. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
7. ^Reklaitis, Victor (October 30, 2015). 'The S&P is up 9% this month, but these 10 stocks jumped more than 22%'. Marketwatch.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
8. ^'The S&P is Flat for the Year, and that Usually Leads to Huge Moves'. Dailyfx.com. December 28, 2015. Archived from the original on December 30, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
9. ^Ferri, Rick (December 19, 2013). 'An Interview With S&P Dow Jones Index Chief David Blitzer'. Forbes. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
10. ^'Yahoo! Finance: ^GSPC'. Yahoo!. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016.
11. ^'Google Finance: .INX'. Google. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008.
12. ^Olson, Sheila. 'Top 3 ETFs to Track the S&P 500 as of October 2018'. Investopedia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
13. ^'S&P 500 Index Quote'. MarketWatch. Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
14. ^'Standard & Poor's 500 Index – S&P 500'. Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
15. ^ ^ab'S&P 500 – stock market'. britannica.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
16. ^'Penn State WebAccess Secure Login:'. Ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
17. ^Obienugh, J.P. (2010). Jonbull’s Stock Guide: How to Invest Profitably in a Volatile Stock Market. Victoria, BC, Canada: Trafford Publishing. p. 156. ISBN978-1-4269-2664-8.
18. ^Ultronic Systems Corp., Annual Report 1964
19. ^Marotta, D. J., 'Volker's Bear: The Bear Market Of 1982'Archived October 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Forbes, Oct 11, 2017.
20. ^'New High For S&P 500'. ETF.com. August 9, 2007. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014.
21. ^'S&P 500 actual volatility at highest since 1929'. FinanzNachrichten.de. November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
22. ^Perman, Cindy (November 20, 2008). 'Stocks Plunge, Leaving Dow Below 7600'. CNBC. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017.
23. ^Sommer, Jeff (November 23, 2008). 'A Friday Rally Can't Save the Week'. The New York Times.
24. ^Twin, Alexandra (December 31, 2008). 'Wall Street: Bring on '09'. Market Report. CNNMoney. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
25. ^'U.S. Stocks Jump, Capping S&P 500's Best 10-Day Gain Since 1938'. Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
26. ^Peter Mckay, Geoffrey Rogow and Rob Curran (March 26, 2009). 'Stocks' Momentum Keeps Building'. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
27. ^'Wall St closes out '09 with best gains since 2003'. Reuters. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
28. ^'S&P 500 Closes At All-Time High'. The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
29. ^Maureen Farrell (April 10, 2013). 'Dow and S&P 500 close at new record highs'. CNNMoney. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
30. ^Reuters (July 11, 2016). Strong economy, earnings bets propel S&P 500 to record highArchived March 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
31. ^Gold, Riva; Driebusch, Corrie (June 24, 2017). 'U.S. Stocks Notch Weekly Gains'. Wsj.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
32. ^DeCambre, Mark. 'Dow and S&P 500 escape correction territory after 5-day stock-market surge'. MarketWatch. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
33. ^'S&P – Indices > Equity Indices – S&P 500 – Index Table'. standardandpoors.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007.
34. ^'Description'. standardandpoors.com.
35. ^'Standard & Poor's Announces Changes to U.S. Investable Weight Factors and Final Float Transition Schedule'. PRNewswire. March 9, 2005. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
36. ^ ^abc'S&P Indices Index Mathematics Methodology'(PDF). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 6, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
37. ^'S&P Dow Jones Index Mathematics Methodology'(PDF). Spindices.com. March 2014. p. 6. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 7, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
38. ^'S&P 500 Details'. Standard & Poor's. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
39. ^'How is the value of the S&P 500 calculated?'. Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
40. ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2018.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
41. ^'Investopedia Vanguard Profile'. Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
42. ^Olson, Sheila. 'Top 3 ETFs to Track the S&P 500 as of October 2018'. Investopedia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
43. ^ ^abPark, JeeYeon. 'Record-Smashing Quarter: S&P 500 Ends Above 2007's Record Close, Dow Posts Best Q1 Since 1998'. CNBC.com Writer. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
44. ^'CPI Inflation Calculator'. Data.bls.gov. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
45. ^'CPI Inflation Calculator'. Data.bls.gov. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2015.

External links[edit]

• Business data for S&P 500 Index:

S (namedess/ɛs/,^[1] plural esses^[2]) is the 19th letter in the Modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

• 1History
• 3Related characters

History

Origin

Northwest Semiticšîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative/ʃ/ (as in 'ship'). It originated most likely as a pictogram of a tooth (שנא) and represented the phoneme /ʃ/ via the acrophonic principle.^[3]

Greek did not have a /ʃ/ phoneme, so the derived Greek letter sigma (Σ) came to represent the voiceless alveolar sibilant/s/. While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician šîn, its name sigma is taken from the letter samekh, while the shape and position of samekh but name of šîn is continued in the xi.^{[citation needed]}Within Greek, the name of sigma was influenced by its association with the Greek word σίζω (earlier *sigj-) 'to hiss'. The original name of the letter 'sigma' may have been san, but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, 'san' came to be identified as a separate letter, Ϻ.^[4]Herodotus reports that 'San' was the name given by the Dorians to the same letter called 'Sigma' by the Ionians.^[5]

The Western Greek alphabet used in Cumae was adopted by the Etruscans and Latins in the 7th century BC, over the following centuries developing into a range of Old Italic alphabets including the Etruscan alphabet and the early Latin alphabet.In Etruscan, the value /s/ of Greek sigma (𐌔) was maintained, while san (𐌑)represented a separate phoneme, most likely /ʃ/ (transliterated as ś). The early Latin alphabet adopted sigma, but not san, as Old Latin did not have a /ʃ/ phoneme.

The shape of Latin S arises from Greek Σ by dropping one out of the four strokes of that letter.The (angular) S-shape composed of three strokes existed as a variant of the four-stroke letter Σ already in the epigraphy in Western Greek alphabets, and the three and four strokes variants existed alongside one another in the classical Etruscan alphabet. In other Italic alphabets (Venetic, Lepontic), the letter could be represented as a zig-zagging line of any number between three and six strokes.

The Italic letter was also adopted into Elder Futhark, as Sowilō (ᛊ), and appears with four to eight strokes in the earliest runic inscriptions, but is occasionally reduced to three strokes (ᛋ) from the later 5th century, and appears regularly with three strokes in Younger Futhark.

Long s

The minuscule form ſ, called the long s, developed in the early medieval period, within the Visigothic and Carolingian hands, with predecessors in the half-uncial and cursive scripts of Late Antiquity. It remained standard in western writing throughout the medieval period and was adopted in early printing with movable types. It existed alongside minuscule 'round' or 'short' s, which was at the time only used at the end of words.

In most western orthographies, the ſ gradually fell out of use during the second half of the 18th century, although it remained in occasional use into the 19th century.In Spain, the change was mainly accomplished between the years 1760 and 1766. In France, the change occurred between 1782 and 1793. Printers in the United States stopped using the long s between 1795 and 1810. In English orthography, the London printer John Bell (1745–1831) pioneered the change. His edition of Shakespeare, in 1785, was advertised with the claim that he 'ventured to depart from the common mode by rejecting the long 'ſ' in favor of the round one, as being less liable to error...'^[6]The Times of London made the switch from the long to the short s with its issue of 10 September 1803. Encyclopædia Britannica's 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the last edition to use the long s.

In German orthography, long s was retained in Fraktur (Schwabacher) type as well as in standard cursive (Sütterlin) well into the 20th century, and was officially abolished in 1941.^[7]The ligature of ſs (or ſz) was retained, however, giving rise to the Eszett, ß in contemporary German orthography.

Use in writing systems

The letter ⟨s⟩ is the seventh most common letter in English and the third-most common consonant after ⟨t⟩ and ⟨n⟩.^[8] It is the most common letter in starting and ending position.^{[citation needed]}

In English and several other languages, primarily Western Romance ones like Spanish and French, final ⟨s⟩ is the usual mark of pluralnouns. It is the regular ending of English third personpresent tenseverbs.

⟨s⟩ represents the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant/s/ in most languages as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It also commonly represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental sibilant/z/, as in Portuguesemesa (table) or English 'rose' and 'bands', or it may represent the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative[ʃ], as in most Portuguese dialects when syllable-finally, in Hungarian, in German (before ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩) and some English words as 'sugar', since yod-coalescence became a dominant feature, and [ʒ], as in English 'measure' (also because of yod-coalescence), European PortugueseIslão (Islam) or, in many sociolects of Brazilian Portuguese, esdrúxulo (proparoxytone) in some Andalusian dialects, it merged with Peninsular Spanish ⟨c⟩ and ⟨z⟩ and is now pronounced [θ]. In some English words of French origin, the letter ⟨s⟩ is silent, as in 'isle' or 'debris'.

The ⟨sh⟩ digraph for English /ʃ/ arises in Middle English (alongside ⟨sch⟩), replacing the Old English ⟨sc⟩ digraph. Similarly, Old High German ⟨sc⟩ was replaced by ⟨sch⟩ in Early Modern High German orthography.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• ſ : Latin letter long S, an obsolete variant of S
• ẜ ẝ : Various forms of long S were used for medieval scribal abbreviations^[9]
• ẞ ß : German Eszett or 'sharp S', derived from a ligature of long s followed by either s or z
• S with diacritics: Ś śṠ ṡ ẛṨ ṩṤ ṥṢ ṣS̩ s̩Ꞩ ꞩŜ ŝṦ ṧŠ šŞ şȘ șS̈ s̈ᶊⱾ ȿ ᵴ^[10]ᶳ^[11]
• ₛ : Subscript small s was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[12]
• ˢ : Modifier letter small s is used for phonetic transcription
• ꜱ : Small capital S was used in the Icelandic First Grammatical Treatise to mark gemination^[13]
• Ʂ ʂ : S with hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of pinyin romanization during the mid-1950s^[14]
• Ƨ ƨ : Latin letter reversed S (used in Zhuang transliteration)
• IPA-specific symbols related to S: ʃɧ^{[citation needed]}ʂ
• Ꞅ ꞅ : Insular S

Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations

• $ : Dollar sign
• ₷ : Spesmilo
• § : Section sign
• ℠ : Service mark symbol
• ∫ : Integral symbol, short for summation

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤔 : Semitic letter Shin, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • archaic GreekSigma could be written with different numbers of angles and strokes. Besides the classical form with four strokes (), a three-stroke form resembling an angular Latin S () was commonly found, and was particularly characteristic of some mainland Greek varieties including Attic and several 'red' alphabets.
    • Σ: classical Greek letter Sigma
      • Ϲ ϲ: Greek lunate sigma
        • Ⲥ ⲥ : Coptic letter sima
        • С с : Cyrillic letter Es, derived from a form of sigma
    • 𐌔 : Old Italic letter S, includes the variants also found in the archaic Greek letter
      • S: Latin letter S
      • ᛊ, ᛋ, ᛌ : Runic letter sowilo, which is derived from Old Italic S
    • 𐍃: Gothic letter sigil

Computing codes

¹Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also

• See about Ⓢ in Enclosed Alphanumerics

References

1. ^Spelled 'es'- in compound words
2. ^'S', Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); 'ess,' op. cit.
3. ^'corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ṯ (th), which was pronounced s in South Canaanite' Albright, W. F., 'The Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Sinai and their Decipherment,' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 110 (1948), p. 15. The interpretation as 'tooth' is now prevalent, but not entirely certain. The Encyclopaedia Judaica of 1972 reported that the letter represented a 'composite bow'.
4. ^Woodard, Roger D. (2006). 'Alphabet'. In Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. London: Routldedge. p. 38.
5. ^'…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα' ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call 'San', but the Ionians 'Sigma'…'; Herodotus, Histories 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, Non-Attic lettersArchived 2012-06-28 at Archive.today.
6. ^Stanley Morison, A Memoir of John Bell, 1745–1831 (1930, Cambridge Univ. Press) page 105; Daniel Berkeley Updike, Printing Types, Their History, Forms, and Use – a study in survivals (2nd. ed, 1951, Harvard University Press) page 293.
7. ^Order of 3 January 1941 to all public offices, signed by Martin Bormann.Kapr, Albert (1993). Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften. Mainz: H. Schmidt. p. 81. ISBN3-87439-260-0.
8. ^'English Letter Frequency'. Archived from the original on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
9. ^Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). 'L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
10. ^Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). 'L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
11. ^Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). 'L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
12. ^Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009-01-27). 'L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
13. ^Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). 'L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
14. ^West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-16). 'L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2019-03-08.

• The dictionary definition of S at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of s at Wiktionary
• 'S' . The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.